Guide
Humanities and Social Sciences for the Australian Curriculum 9
Table of Contents
Humanities and Social Sciences for the Australian Curriculum 9
Copyright
Foreword
Acknowledgements
How to use this textbook
Glossary
Geography
History
Economics and business
Civics & citizenship
All resources
Geography
Unit 1 Biomes and food security
Chapter 1 Understanding ecosystems
1.1 Ecosystems
Abiotic components of an ecosystem
Biotic components of an ecosystem
How do ecosystems work?
1.2 The sun and the abiotic environment: weather
1.3 The sun and the abiotic environment: rocks and soil
1.4 The sun and the abiotic environment: flora and fauna
1.5 Introducing another variable: humans
The Tasmanian tiger
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 2 World biomes
2.1 Understanding the world’s biomes
2.2 Location pattern of the world’s biomes
Climate and the location of the world’s biomes
2.3 Rainforest biomes
Height
Density
Coverage
Plant species
Special adaptations
Special relationships between plants
2.4 Savanna biomes
Vegetation
Factors that affect the savanna vegetation pattern
Animal life
2.5 Alpine biomes
2.6 Australia’s biomes using the geography concept of ‘scale’
2.7 Distinctive Australian biomes
Rainforests
Mangrove forests
Deserts
2.8 Factors affecting Australian biomes
Mountain ranges
Ocean currents
Seasonal air mass movements
El Niño and La Niña
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 3 Biomes and food production
3.1 World land use
How people use biomes
Hunters and gatherers
Shifting cultivators
3.2 Adapting biomes
Rice cultivators
Commercial farmers
Changing biomes over time
3.3 Preserving biomes
3.4 A closer look at rice in Southeast Asia
The role of rice
Rice-growing systems
Rice production and sustainability
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 4 Agricultural systems in Australia
4.1 Agriculture in Australia
Agriculture and the spread of settlement in Australia
4.2 Environmental impacts
Soil erosion
Soil acidity
Salinity
Water quality decline
Agricultural innovation and agricultural productivity in Australia
The Green Revolution
Wheat production in Australia
4.3 The changing nature of Australian agriculture: 1970 until the present
The changing nature of rural communities
Agriculture in Australia today
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Unit 2 Geographies of interconnections
Chapter 5 Places and spaces
5.1 Place and space
Stories of place
5.2 Worldviews
Uluru – how worldviews coexist
World heritage sites
5.3 Safety and inclusion
Making public spaces safer places
5.4 Transport
5.5 Australian places
5.6 Characteristics of towns and cities
Definition of a town and a city
Features of large cities
5.7 Major events in Australian cities
5.8 Tourism
Domestic travel by Australians
International travel by Australians
Popular Australian tourist destinations
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 6 Patterns of consumption
6.1 The Industrial Revolution
Industrialism across the world
Capitalism
Goods and services
Fordism
Savings and investments
The rise and fall of heavy industry in developed countries
6.2 From heavy to hi-tech
Hi-tech industry in Silicon Valley
The future of hi-tech industry in the United States
China: rising giant of industry
Environmental effects of industrialisation in China
6.3 Where your laptop comes from
Design
Sourcing of raw materials
Manufacturing of components
Assembling the laptop
Selling laptops
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response questions
Chapter 7 Consequences of consumption
7.1 Globalisation and global citizenship
7.2 Ethical behaviour and the information and communications technology (ICT) industry
Coltan mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Eliminating conflict minerals trade
Environmental impacts
7.3 Disposal of e-waste
7.4 Transnational companies
7.5 Fair trade
Origins of fair trade
Where to now with fair trade?
7.6 Palm oil and responsible consumerism
What is palm oil?
Environmental impacts
Social impacts
The certified oil debate
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 8 Technologies
8.1 What is ICT?
Information
Communications technologies
Benefits of ICT
Global use of ICT
Cloud computing – help to overcome ICT barriers
8.2 ICT and economic development
8.3 The rise of mobile phones
Mobile technology – issues for consideration
8.4 The rise of social media
8.5 ICT as development tools
Leading innovation and technology for a sustainable future: Siemens Ltd Australia
The One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project
8.6 ICT: a global service
Business process outsourcing (BPO)
Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO)
8.7 Problems with ICT
One of the world’s biggest power blackouts affects India
Analysing spatial patterns from electricity usae
ICT and economic development in rural north India
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 9 Global mobility
9.1 To move or not to move
Diaspora
9.2 Immigration in Australia
Prior to 1788
Colonial settlement, convicts and early ‘free settlers’
The twenty-first century
Refugees
Multiculturalism
9.3 The ‘pull’ of the cities
9.4 Internal migration
Sea changers
Young people
9.5 Fair trade
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Civics and citizenship: Government and democracy
The structure of parliament
Political parties in Australia
Shaping political choice
History
Chapter 10 Overview: the making of the modern world (1750–1918)
Timeline
Map
10.1 The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution in Australia
10.2 How the Industrial Revolution affected living and working conditions
Modernity and representation: art and photographs
10.3 Movement of peoples
Slavery and indentured labour
Convict transportation
Settlers
10.4 European imperial expansion
European imperialism in Asia
Colonies and independent states in Asia
10.5 Economics, social and political ideas
Revolutions, independence and equality
Democratic values
Egalitarianism: social and political equality
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activities
Short-answer questions
Source analysis
Extended-response question
Depth Study 1: Making a better world
Chapter 11 The Industrial Revolution (1750–1914)
Timeline
Map
11.1 Causes of the Industrial Revolution: society and innovation
The British Empire
The agricultural revolution
Limitations of cottage production
Revolution in energy: new forms of power
Transformation of the coal industry
Transformation of the textile industry
Transport revolution: railways and canals
11.2 Population movement and settlement
The Industrial Revolution transforms the way of life in Australia
Life in Australia
11.3 Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Effects on the environment
Long-term impacts
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activities
Short-answer questions
Source analysis
Extended-response question
Chapter 12 Movement of peoples (1790–1901)
Timeline
Map
12.1 Influence of the Industrial Revolution
12.2a Era of mass migration: Slaves
Types of migration
The Atlantic slave trade
Working lives
Abolition of slavery
Queensland slave trade
12.2b Era of mass migration: Convicts
Transportation of convicts to Australia
Work and punishment in the colonies
12.2c Era of mass migration: Indentured labourers
Indentured labour – a new form of slavery?
The voyage
Abolition of the indenture system
12.2d Era of mass migration: Free settlers
White settlers to Australia
The potato famine and the Irish diaspora
Chinese settlers to California and Australia
Italians and Eastern Europeans to the United States
12.3 Changes in the way of life
Free settlers on the Australian frontier
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activities
Short-answer questions
Source analysis
Extended-response question
Chapter 13 Progressive ideas and movements (1750–1918)
Timeline
Map
13.1 Emergence of key ideas
The Enlightenment (1650–1770)
13.2a Role of progressive ideas in major social upheavals: Ideology
The War of American Independence (1776–83)
The French Revolution (1789)
13.2b Role of progressive ideas in major social upheavals: Reasons for the emergence and development of key ideas
Adam Smith (1723–90)
Robert Owen (1771–1858)
Karl Marx (1818–83)
Charles Darwin (1809–82)
13.2c Role of progressive ideas in major social upheavals: Rights
Anti-racism, anti-colonialism and non-violence
Slavery and the rights of Indigenous people
The women’s movement and the struggle for equal rights
Responses to progressive ideas
The women’s movement in Australia
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activities
Short-answer questions
Source analysis
Extended-response question
Depth Study 2 Australia and Asia
Chapter 14 Making a nation
Timeline
Map
14.1 Extension of settlement and contact
Spread of convict settlement
White settlers and Indigenous occupants: first contacts
Free settlement
Wool and gold
White settlers and Indigenous occupants: the moving frontier
Australia approaches nationhood: the 1890s
4.2 Experience of non-Europeans in Australia
South Sea Islanders in Australia
Chinese
Afghans
Japanese
14.3 Australian self-government and democracy
Eureka Stockade
Unlock the lands
Position of women
Moving towards Federation
Rights denied
14.4 Legislation 1901–14
Australia at Federation
The White Australia Policy
Working life in the 1900s
The Harvester judgement (1907)
How people lived at Federation
Establishing state welfare
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activities
Short-answer questions
Source analysis
Extended-response question
Chapter 15 Asia and the world
Timeline
Map
15.1 China
State of the nation during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Change and continuity
Key event: the Taiping Rebellion
Position of China leading up to 1900
15.2 Japan
State of the nation during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Change and continuity
Key event: the Meiji Restoration
Position of Japan leading up to 1900
15.3 India
State of the nation during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Change and continuity
Key event: First Indian War of Independence
Position of India leading up to 1900
15.4 Indonesia
State of the region during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Change and continuity
Key incident: Treaty of London
Position of Indonesia leading up to 1900
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activities
Short-answer questions
Source analysis
Extended-response question
Depth Study 3: World War I
Chapter 16 World War I (1914–18)
Timeline
Map
16.1 Causes of World War I
War’s outbreak: European reactions
War’s outbreak: Australia’s reactions
Enlisting to fight
Reasons for enlisting: the importance of Empire
Other reasons for enlisting
16.2 Where Australians fought and the nature of warfare
Gallipoli: the landing and digging in
Gallipoli: failure and withdrawal
Western Front: Australians at the Somme
Western Front: the 1918 campaigns
Conditions of trench warfare
Desert campaigns
16.3 War on the home front
Censorship and propaganda
Loyalty and disloyalty
Military conscription: the first attempt (1916)
Military conscription: the second attempt (1917)
Australian women and the war
Indigenous people and the war
Social and ethnic division
16.4 War’s end: commemoration and creating a legend
How the war ended: the war front
Bringing the troops home
Repatriation and grieving
Growth of returned soldier organisations
How ANZAC Day began
Developing the ANZAC legend
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activities
Short-answer questions
Source analysis
Extended-response question
Civics and citizenship: Law and citizens
The principles of the Australian justice system
Economics and Business
Chapter 17 Australia, Asia and the global economy
17.1 Participants in the Australian economy
Employees
Consumers
Producers
Governments
17.2 Objectives of the Australian economy
A snapshot of the Australian economy in 2013
17.3 Australia’s changing trade patterns
Direction of trade
Composition of trade
Exports
Imports
The main items traded with our Asian trading partners
17.4 The impact of global events on the Australian economy
Economic events
17.5 The impact of global events and natural disasters
Natural disasters and their economic impacts on Australia
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 18 Participants in the global economy
18.1 What is globalisation?
18.2 What’s driving globalisation?
National comparative advantage
Reduced transport costs
Communications development
Removal of trade barriers
18.3 Participation in a global economy
Consumers
Producers
Workers (employees)
Government
The global supply chain
The development of supply chain management
18.4 Participants in the global supply chain
Consumers
Producers
Employees (workers)
Government
18.5 Social responsibility and sustainability in supply chains
18.6 The activities of transnational corporations in the supply chain and global business activities
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 19 Managing financial risks and rewards for individuals
19.1 Financial institutions
Banks
Building societies
Credit unions
19.2 Types of financial investments available to individuals
Shares
Government bonds and bank interest-bearing deposits
Managed funds
19.3 Debt – is it good or bad?
19.4 Financial risks to be aware of and protect against
Becoming a victim of scams
Becoming a victim of identity theft
Making safe online shopping transactions
Take care using ATM banking
Make sure you carefully check your credit card and bank statements
Make sure you have adequate insurance cover
Life insurance
Private health insurance
19.5 Building up your superannuation
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 20 Competition and businesses in the global market
20.1 What is a market?
Competition
20.2 Strategies and techniques to be competitive in the market
Market share
Brand management
20.3 Being judged as ethical and socially responsible
20.4 Differentiation of products and services
Adopting an online presence
Creating a social media presence
Using blended marketing
Open innovation
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Chapter 21 The changing nature of the Australian and global workplace
21.1 Main participants in Australia’s work environment and their responsibilities
Government
21.2 Fair Work Commission and Fair Work Ombudsman
21.3 Employers and employer groups
21.4 Employees and trade unions
Reflecting and consolidating
Chapter summary
Interactive activity
Short-answer questions
Extended-response question
Civics and citizenship: Citizenship, diversity and identity
Identity and the media